Selection and/or modification of an ad based on an emotional state of a user

ABSTRACT

Techniques are described herein for, among other things, selecting and/or modifying an ad based on an emotional state of a user. The user&#39;s emotional state is determined based on the user&#39;s online activity. Advertisement(s) are selected and/or modified for provision to the user based on the user&#39;s emotional state. An advertisement may be modified in any of a variety of ways. For example, a color that is included in an advertisement may be replaced with a different color. In another example, a color filter may be applied to the advertisement. In yet another example, visual attribute(s) of the advertisement may be modified. Examples of a visual attribute include, but are not limited to, hue, brightness, contrast, and saturation.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to online advertising.

2. Background

Certain advertisement (“ad”) networks enable ads (e.g., contextual ads,sponsored ads, display ads, etc.) to be served to users who visit theWeb sites of publishers that are participating in the ad network.Advertisers generate the ads and buy placements (a.k.a. inventory) forthose ads on the publishers' Web sites usually based on the anticipatedaudiences for those sites and/or the content of those sites. A placementrepresents a publisher's agreement to serve a trafficked (i.e.,specified) ad to users when the users visit the publisher's site. Thepublisher often serves the trafficked ad contemporaneously with othercontent that is associated with the publisher's site. For instance,sponsored search advertising systems commonly serve sponsored ads (e.g.,sponsored search results) to users who enter queries on search enginewebsites, often alongside algorithmic search results that are providedin response to those queries.

Ad networks typically include ad serving systems that determine whichadvertisements are to be provided to users. In conventional ad networks,when a publisher receives a page view or a search query from a user, thepublisher sends an ad call to an ad serving system. An ad call is arequest for an advertisement. The ad serving system selects anadvertisement from an ad inventory based on various factors, such as thegeographic and/or demographic information regarding the user. The adserving system then sends the advertisement to the publisher, so thatthe publisher can serve the advertisement to the user.

Advertisers typically wish to attract users to their advertisements. Tothat end, advertisers are more commonly incorporating features intotheir advertisements that are intended to grab the attention of theusers to whom the advertisements are served. For example, suchadvertisements may include features that move, flash on and off, changeappearance, etc. Moreover, the advertisements may play sounds, challengeusers to play a game, etc. However, such features may have an unintendedeffect of annoying the users, which may decrease the likelihood that theusers will be attracted to the advertisements.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Various approaches are described herein for, among other things,selecting and/or modifying an ad based on an emotional state of a user.The user's emotional state is determined based on the user's onlineactivity. Examples of online activity include, but are not limited to,consumption of online content such as blog text, an online video, onlinemusic, etc. by the user; entry of information such as text (e.g.,keywords), an emoticon, an image, a video, etc. by the user in an emailmessage, a social networking update, a blog post, a Web page, a cloudapplication (e.g., an online calendar), etc.; and any other suitabletype of online activity, whether current or historical. Advertisement(s)are selected and/or modified for provision to the user based on theuser's emotional state. An advertisement may be modified in any of avariety of ways. For example, a color that is included in anadvertisement may be replaced with a different color. In anotherexample, a color filter may be applied to the advertisement. In yetanother example, visual attribute(s) of the advertisement may bemodified. Examples of a visual attribute include, but are not limitedto, hue, brightness, contrast, and saturation.

An example method is described in which an emotional state of a user isdetermined from among specified emotional states based on onlineactivity of the user. At least one advertisement is selected to beprovided to the user from among multiple advertisements based on theemotional state of the user.

Another example method is described in which advertisement(s) areselected that satisfy designated criteria. An emotional state of theuser is determined from among specified emotional states based on onlineactivity of the user. One or more visual properties of theadvertisement(s) are modified based on the emotional state of the userto provide respective modified advertisement(s) that are to be providedto the user.

An example system is described that includes a determination module anda selection module. The determination module is configured to determinean emotional state of a user from among specified emotional states basedon online activity of the user. The selection module is configured toselect advertisement(s) to be provided to the user from among multipleadvertisements based on the emotional state of the user.

Another example system is described that includes an ad targetingmodule, a determination module, and a modification module. The adtargeting module is configured to select advertisement(s) that satisfydesignated criteria. The determination module is configured to determinean emotional state of the user from among specified emotional statesbased on online activity of the user. The modification module isconfigured to modify one or more visual properties of theadvertisements) based on the emotional state of the user to providerespective modified advertisements) that are to be provided to the user.

Further features and advantages of the disclosed technologies, as wellas the structure and operation of various embodiments, are described indetail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. It is notedthat the invention is not limited to the specific embodiments describedherein. Such embodiments are presented herein for illustrative purposesonly. Additional embodiments will be apparent to persons skilled in therelevant art(s) based on the teachings contained herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS/FIGURES

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein and form partof the specification, illustrate embodiments of the present inventionand, together with the description, further serve to explain theprinciples involved and to enable a person skilled in the relevantart(s) to make and use the disclosed technologies.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an example advertisement network accordingto an embodiment described herein.

FIGS. 2 and 3 are block diagrams of example implementations of an adserving system shown in FIG. 1 in accordance with embodiments describedherein.

FIG. 4 depicts a flowchart of an example method for modifying ad(s)based on an emotional state of a user in accordance with an embodimentdescribed herein.

FIG. 5 depicts a flowchart of an example method for selecting ad(s)based on an emotional state of a user in accordance with an embodimentdescribed herein.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of an example computer in which embodimentsmay be implemented.

The features and advantages of the disclosed technologies will becomemore apparent from the detailed description set forth below when takenin conjunction with the drawings, in which like reference charactersidentify corresponding elements throughout. In the drawings, likereference numbers generally indicate identical, functionally similar,and/or structurally similar elements. The drawing in which an elementfirst appears is indicated by the leftmost digit(s) in the correspondingreference number.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION I. Introduction

The following detailed description refers to the accompanying drawingsthat illustrate exemplary embodiments of the present invention. However,the scope of the present invention is not limited to these embodiments,but is instead defined by the appended claims. Thus, embodiments beyondthose shown in the accompanying drawings, such as modified versions ofthe illustrated embodiments, may nevertheless be encompassed by thepresent invention.

References in the specification to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,”“an example embodiment,” or the like, indicate that the embodimentdescribed may include a particular feature, structure, orcharacteristic, but every embodiment may not necessarily include theparticular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrasesare not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, whena particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described inconnection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within theknowledge of one skilled in the art to implement such feature,structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodimentswhether or not explicitly described.

Example embodiments are capable of selecting and/or modifying anadvertisement (“ad”) based on an emotional state of a user. The user'semotional state is determined based on the user's online activity.Examples of online activity include, but are not limited to, consumptionof online content such as blog text, an online video, online music, etc.by the user; entry of information such as text (e.g., keywords), anemoticon, an image, a video, etc. by the user in an email message, asocial networking update, a blog post, a Web page, a cloud application(e.g., an online calendar), etc.; and any other suitable type of onlineactivity, whether current or historical. Advertisement(s) are selectedand/or modified for provision to the user based on the user's emotionalstate. An advertisement may be modified in any of a variety of ways. Forexample, a color that is included in an advertisement may be replacedwith a different color. In another example, a color filter may beapplied to the advertisement. In yet another example, visualattribute(s) of the advertisement may be modified. Examples of a visualattribute include, but are not limited to, hue, brightness, contrast,and saturation.

Techniques described herein have a variety of benefits as compared toconventional techniques for selecting an advertisement to be provided toa user. For example, by selecting and/or modifying an ad based on theuser's emotional state, the ad may be more likely to appeal to the user.The techniques may remove ads that the user is likely to reject ordismiss. Furthermore, the techniques may result in greater userinteractivity with delivered ads, which may achieve wider and/or moreeffective distribution of an advertiser's message.

II. Example Embodiments

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an example advertisement (“ad”) network inaccordance with an embodiment described herein. Generally speaking, adnetwork 100 operates to serve ads (e.g., contextual ads, sponsored ads,display ads, etc.) provided by advertisers to sites (e.g., Web sites)published by publishers when such sites are accessed by certain users ofthe network, thereby delivering the ads to the users. As shown in FIG.1, ad network 100 includes a plurality of user systems 102A-102M, aplurality of publisher servers 104A-104N, an ad serving system 106, andat least one advertiser system 108. Communication among user systems102A-102M, publisher servers 104A-104N, ad serving system 106, andadvertiser system 108 is carried out over a network using well-knownnetwork communication protocols. The network may be a wide-area network(e.g., the Internet), a local area network (LAN), another type ofnetwork, or a combination thereof.

User systems 102A-102M are computers or other processing systems, eachincluding one or more processors, that are capable of communicating withany one or more of publisher servers 104A-104N. For example, each ofuser systems 102A-102M may include a client that enables a user who owns(or otherwise has access to) the user system to access sites (e.g., Websites) that are hosted by publisher servers 104A-104N. For instance, aclient may be a Web crawler, a Web browser, a non-Web-enabled client, orany other suitable type of client. By way of example, each of usersystems 102A-102M is shown in FIG. 1 to be communicatively coupled topublisher 1 server(s) 104A for the purpose of accessing a site publishedby publisher 1. Persons skilled in the relevant art(s) will recognizethat each of user systems 102A-102M is capable of connecting to any ofpublisher servers 104A-104N for accessing the sites hosted thereon.

Publisher servers 104A-104N are computers or other processing systems,each including one or more processors, that are capable of communicatingwith user systems 102A-102M. Each of publisher servers 104A-104N isconfigured to host a site (e.g., a Web site) published by acorresponding publisher 1-N so that such site is accessible to users ofnetwork 100 via user systems 102A-102M. Each of publisher servers104A-104N is further configured to serve advertisements (e.g.,contextual ads, sponsored ads, display ads, etc.) to users of network100 when those users access a Web site that is hosted by the respectivepublisher server.

Publisher servers 104A-104N are further configured to execute softwareprograms that provide information to users in response to receivingrequests, such as hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) requests, fromusers, instant messaging (IM) applications, or web-based email. Forexample, the information may include Web pages, images, other types offiles, output of executables residing on the publisher servers, IM chatsessions, emails, etc. In accordance with this example, the softwareprograms that are executing on publisher servers 104A-104N may provideWeb pages that include interface elements (e.g., buttons, hyperlinks,etc.) that a user may select for accessing the other types ofinformation. The Web pages may be provided as hypertext markup language(HTML) documents and objects (e.g., files) that are linked therein, forexample.

One type of software program that may be executed by any one or more ofpublisher servers 104A-104N is a Web search engine. For instance,publisher 1 server(s) 104A is shown to include search engine module 112,which is configured to execute a Web search engine. Search engine module112 is capable of searching for information on the World Wide Web (WWW)based on queries that are provided by users. For example, search enginemodule 112 may search among publisher servers 104A-104N for requestedinformation. Upon discovering instances of information that are relevantto a user's query, search engine module 112 ranks the instances based ontheir relevance to the query. Search engine module 112 provides a listthat includes each of the instances in an order that is based on therespective rankings of the instances. The list may be referred to as thesearch results corresponding to the query.

Search engine module 112 is configured to provide an ad call to adserving system 106, upon receiving a query from a user, to request anadvertisement (e.g., a contextual ad, a sponsored ad, a display ad,etc.) to be provided to the user. Search engine module 112 forwards auser identifier that corresponds to (e.g., that specifies) the user toad serving system 106. For example, the user identifier may include abrowser cookie of the user or information that is included in thebrowser cookie. In another example, the user identifier may include ausername that is associated with the user. Search engine module 112 mayincorporate the user identifier in the ad call or may provide the useridentifier in addition to the ad call.

It will be recognized that a search engine module (e.g., search enginemodule 112) need not necessarily be included in publisher server(s) inorder for the publisher server(s) to provide an ad call to ad servingsystem 1016. For instance, any one or more of publisher servers104A-104N may provide an ad call to ad serving system 106 withoututilizing a search engine module.

Ad serving system 106 is a computer or other processing system,including one or more processors, that is capable of servingadvertisements (e.g., contextual ads, sponsored ads, display ads, etc.)that are received from advertiser system 108 to each of publisherservers 104A-104N when the sites hosted by such servers are accessed bycertain users, thereby facilitating the delivery of such advertisementsto the users. For instance, ad serving system 106 may serveadvertisement(s) to a publisher server 104 in response to an ad callthat is received from that publisher server 104. The ad call may beinitiated in response to a query that is provided by a user. Ad servingsystem 106 may select an appropriate advertisement to be provided to theuser based on a user identifier that is received from search enginemodule 112.

Ad serving system 106 includes an ad selector 110. Ad selector 110 isconfigured to select and/or modify an advertisement (e.g., a contextualad, a sponsored ad, a display ad, etc.) based on an emotional state of auser. Ad selector 110 receives an ad call from a publisher server 104.The ad call requests an advertisement to be displayed to a user. Adselector 110 receives a user identifier that corresponds to the userfrom the publisher server 104. The user identifier may be included inthe ad call or may be received in addition to the ad call.

Ad selector 110 may use the user identifier to determine the emotionalstate of the user in any of a variety of ways. For example, ad selector110 may access a look-up table and compare the user identifier withinformation (e.g., metadata) stored in the look-up table that isassociated with online activity of the user. In accordance with thisexample, each instance of online activity may be associated with arespective specified emotion. Ad selector 110 may aggregate thespecified emotions to determine the emotional state of the user. Infurther accordance with this example, each of the emotions may beassociated with a respective weight based on an amount of time that haslapsed since occurrence of the corresponding instance of onlineactivity.

In some example embodiments, ad selector 110 selects one or moreadvertisements to be provided to the user based on the emotional stateof the user. In other example embodiments, ad selector 110 modifies oneor more selected advertisements based on the emotional state of the userbefore providing the selected advertisements to the user. In accordancewith this example embodiment, ad selector 110 may change color(s) thatare included in the one or more advertisements, apply a color filter tothe one or more advertisements, modify visual attribute(s) such as hue,brightness, contrast, and/or saturation of the one or moreadvertisements, etc. Techniques for selecting and/or modifying anadvertisement based on an emotional state of a user are described infurther detail below with reference to FIGS. 2-5.

Advertiser system 108 is a computer or other processing system,including one or more processors, that is capable of providingadvertisements (e.g., contextual ads, sponsored ads, display ads, etc.)to ad serving system 106, so that the advertisements may be served topublisher servers 104A-104N when the sites hosted by the respectiveservers are accessed by certain users. Although one advertiser system108 is depicted in FIG. 1, persons skilled in the relevant art(s) willrecognize that any number of advertiser systems may be communicativelycoupled to ad serving system 106.

Although advertiser system 108 and user systems 102A-102M are depictedas desktop computers in FIG. 1, persons skilled in the relevant art(s)will appreciate that advertiser system 108 and user systems 102A-102Mmay include any browser-enabled system or device, including but notlimited to a laptop computer, a tablet computer, a personal digitalassistant, a cellular telephone, or the like.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an ad serving system 200, which is anexample implementation of ad serving system 106 shown in FIG. 1 inaccordance with an embodiment described herein. Ad serving system 200 isconfigured to modify ad(s) based on an emotional state of a user (e.g.,a user who operates one of user systems 102). Ad serving system 200includes ad selector 202 and ad storage 204. Ad storage 204 stores ads,which may be modified by ad selector 202.

Ad selector 202 is an example implementation of ad selector 110 in FIG.1 in accordance with an embodiment. As shown in FIG. 2, ad selector 202includes a selection module 206, a modification module 208, and adetermination module 210. Determination module 210 and modificationmodule 208 are communicatively coupled to a user system 102 that isowned by or otherwise accessible to the user via a direct networkconnection or via intermediate component(s) such as one or more ofpublisher systems 104A-104N as discussed above with reference to FIG. 1.

Selection module 206 is configured to analyze ads that are stored in adstorage 204. Selection module 206 is further configured to select ad(s)212 from among the ads that are stored in ad storage 204 based on theanalysis of those ads for provision to the user.

Determination module 210 is configured to determine the emotional stateof the user based on current and/or past online activity of the user.Determination module 210 is further configured to provide emotionindicator 214, which specifies the emotional state of the user, tomodification module 208.

Modification module 208 is configured to modify the selected ad(s) 212based on the emotional state of the user, as specified by emotionindicator 214, to provide respective modified ad(s) 216 to the usersystem 102 of the user. For instance, modification module 208 mayprovide the modified ad(s) to the user system 102 via one or more ofpublisher systems 104A in a manner that will be apparent to ordinarilyskilled artisans having the benefit of this disclosure, withoutrequiring further explanation.

It will be recognized that ad serving system 200 may not include one ormore of ad storage 204, selection module 206, modification module 208,and/or determination module 210. Furthermore, ad serving system 200 mayinclude modules in addition to or in lieu of ad storage 204, selectionmodule 206, modification module 208, and/or determination module 210.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an ad serving system 300, which is anotherexample implementation of ad serving system 106 shown in FIG. 1, inaccordance with an embodiment described herein. Ad serving system 300 isconfigured to select ad(s) based on an emotional state of a user. Adserving system 300 includes ad selector 302, ad storage 304, andmetadata storage 318. Ad storage 304 stores ads, which may be selectedfor provision to the user. Metadata storage 318 stores metadata. Adstorage 304 and metadata storage 318 may be combined or separate, thoughthey are illustrated separately in FIG. 3 merely for ease of discussion.

Ad selector 302 is another example implementation of ad selector 110 inFIG. 1 in accordance with an embodiment. As shown in FIG. 3, ad selector302 includes an ad targeting module 306, a selection module 308, adetermination module 310, a metadata module 321, and an associationmodule 322. Each of association module 322 and metadata module 321 iscoupled between ad targeting module 306 and ad storage 304 and betweenad targeting module 306 and metadata storage 318. Determination module310 and selection module 308 are communicatively coupled to a usersystem 102 that is owned by or otherwise accessible to the user via adirect network connection or via intermediate component(s) such as oneor more of publisher systems 104A-104N as discussed above with referenceto FIG. 1. Selection module 308 is communicatively coupled between adtargeting module 306 and determination module 310.

Ad targeting module 306 is configured to evaluate ads that are stored inad storage 304. Ad targeting module 306 is further configured todetermine ads 312, which is a subset of the ads that are stored in adstorage 304, based on the evaluation. An example technique fordetermining ads 312 is discussed in greater detail below. Ad targetingmodule 206 also provides instances of metadata 320, which are associatedwith the respective ads 312.

Association module 322 associates the ads that are stored in ad storage304 with respective instances of metadata that are stored in metadatastorage 318. Each instance of the metadata provides information aboutthe respective ads including one or more specified emotional states, asdescribed in greater detail below. In one example, the metadata that isstored in metadata storage 318 is generated by metadata module 321. Itwill be recognized that ad selector 302 need not necessarily includemetadata module 321. For example, metadata module 321 may be external toad selector 302 or even external to ad serving system 300. In anotherexample, metadata module 321 is omitted entirely, and metadata 318 ismanually prepared or received from an outside source, such as advertisersystem 108. The content, use, and operation of the metadata is describedin detail below with reference to FIGS. 4-5.

As discussed in greater detail below, ad targeting module 306 may beconfigured to apply its own targeting routine to ads 304 to yield ads312. Selection module 308 may then perform a further round of selectionupon ads 312 to provide selected ad(s) 316. For instance, selectionmodule 308 is capable of providing an output that includes a subset ofads 312 that, according to metadata 320, correspond to an emotionalstate that most closely matches the user's emotional state, which isspecified by emotion indicator 314. The subset of ads 312 is labeled as“Selected Ad(s) 316 in FIG. 3. Selected ad(s) 316 are transmitted to theuser system 102 that is owned by or otherwise accessible to the user ina manner that will be apparent to ordinarily skilled artisans having thebenefit of this disclosure, without requiring further explanation.

It will be recognized that ad serving system 300 may not include one ormore of ad targeting module 306, selection module 308, determinationmodule 310, association module 322, metadata module 321, ad storage 304,and/or metadata storage 318. Furthermore, ad serving system 300 mayinclude modules in addition to or in lieu of ad targeting module 306,selection module 308, determination module 310, association module 322,metadata module 321, ad storage 304, and/or metadata storage 318.

Having described various structural features, some operational aspectsare now described. FIG. 4 depicts a flowchart 400 of an example methodfor modifying ad(s) based on an emotional state of a user in accordancewith an embodiment described herein. FIG. 5 depicts a flowchart 500 ofan example method for selecting ad(s) based on an emotional state of auser in accordance with an embodiment described herein. Flowcharts 400and 500 are described with continued reference to the systems 100, 200,and 300 depicted in respective FIGS. 1-3 for purposes of illustrationand are not limited to such implementation(s). Further structural andoperational embodiments will be apparent to persons skilled in therelevant art(s) based on the discussion regarding flowcharts 400 and500.

For purposes of explanation, the following discussions referenceoperations performed by specific components such as 200, 202, 206, 208,210, 300, 302, 306, 308, 310, 322, and/or 321. These descriptions areonly made by way of example, however, and no limitation is intended. Forexample, instead of the roles described below, there may be one or moreseparate components outside the ad serving system 106 to perform one ormore of the tasks of selecting ad(s), modifying ad(s), and/or detectingan emotional state of a user. Furthermore, multiple tasks may beconsolidated into described components, without departing from thisdisclosure.

As shown in FIG. 4, the method of flowchart 400 begins at step 402. Instep 402, ad storage 204 stores various ads for delivery to usercomputers 102. These ads may be received from advertisers via computerssuch as advertiser system 108, received via a management console coupledto ad serving system 106, or received from another local or remotesource. In an example, the ads may be stored in ad storage 204.

Each of the received ads includes some visual aspect, and may includetext, graphics, static images, animation, video, multimedia content,etc. or any combination thereof. Although each of the ads includes avisual aspect, the ads are not limited to visual aspects. The ads alsomay include non-display aspects, such as sound. Therefore, anyreferences to the term “display ad” are used for convenience, and notwith any intended limitation, and such references are understood toinclude any means for presenting advertising to a network connected usersystem 102 including visual aspects and optionally or other aspects suchas sound.

In an example embodiment, the ads are configured to be viewable usingweb browsers that are executed by the user systems 102. To presentmultimedia content, the user systems 102 may use “plug-in” softwaremodules in order to present the animation and/or multimedia content.Such plug-in software modules may include for example a Java™ plug-inmade available by Sun Microsystems™ of Santa Clara, Calif., an Adobe®Flash® or Shockwave® plug-in made available by Adobe Systems Inc. of SanJose, Calif., or a Microsoft® Silverlight™ plug-in made available byMicrosoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash. In accordance with this exampleembodiment, the ads may include one or more interactive elements such ashyperlinks.

Regardless of the remainder of flowchart 400, the operations ofreceiving and storing ads as described with reference to step 402 may beongoing, as shown by arrow 402 a.

In the present example, determination module 210 initiates step 404whenever circumstances arise for delivery of an ad to a given user. Forexample, step 404 may be performed in response to determination module210 receiving a user request for new online content from a user system102. The request may be received directly from user system 102 orforwarded via a publisher 104. Examples of actions that may trigger arequest for online content include, but are not limited to, the usernavigating to a new Web site or Web page, the user activating ahyperlink, the user beginning an online game, etc.

In another example, step 404 may additionally occur responsive to anevent unrelated to user activity, such as where ad serving system 200 ora publisher 104 automatically delivers new ads in response to thepassage of time, for example, irrespective of user requests for content.Ordinarily skilled artisans, having the benefit of this disclosure, mayrecognize further mechanisms for scheduling or triggering the deliveryof online advertising to users in a manner that is appropriate to thisdisclosure.

At any rate, when determination module 210 initiates step 404, this isdone with regard to the given user to whom an ad is intended to bedelivered. This user will be referred to as a “current” user.

At step 404, determination module 210 determines the emotional state ofthe current user based on the current user's online activity. Examplesof online activity include, but are not limited to, consumption ofonline content such as blog text, an online video, online music, etc. bythe user; entry of information such as text (e.g., keywords), anemoticon, an image, a video, etc. by the user in an email message, asocial networking update, a blog post, a Web page, a cloud application(e.g., an online calendar), etc.; and any other suitable type of onlineactivity, whether current or historical.

For example, determination module 210 may receive information regardingthe online activity of the user from any one or more of the publishers104 (e.g., from a record of the user's accumulated web browsing history)or from any other source without limitation. The online activity may becurrent, in that it is occurring at substantially the same time thatstep 404 is performed, or it may occur within a designated time periodprior to a time at which step 404 is performed.

In some example embodiments, determination module 210 performs anemotion-mining operation with respect to the online activity todetermine the emotional state of the user. Some exemplary emotion-miningtechniques are discussed in the following papers: (1) Yuchul Jung, HogunPark et al., A Hybrid Mood Classification Approach for Blog Text,Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, Proceedings of the 9^(th)Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp.1099-1103, 2006, (2) M. K. Petersen and A. Butkus, Extracting Moods fromSongs and BBC Programs Based on Emotional Context, International Journalof Digital Multimedia Broadcasting, Volume 2008 (2008), Article ID2899837, 2008, and (3) Mihalcea and Liu, A Corpus-based Approach toFinding Happiness, AAAI 2006 Symposium on Computational Approaches toAnalysing Weblogs, 2006. The entirety of each of the foregoing documentsis hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety into thisdisclosure.

In accordance with these example embodiments, after performing theemotion-mining operation, determination module 210 places the determinedemotional state into one or more of several predetermined categories.The categorized emotional state(s) are specified by emotional indicator314. For purposes of illustration, assume that emotional indicator 314specifies four categorized emotional states, namely: Happy,Sad/Bored/Tired, Excited, and Frustrated, though the scope of theexample embodiments is not limited in this respect. It will berecognized that emotional indicator 314 may specify any suitablecategorized emotional states. Moreover, it will be recognized thatemotional indicator 314 may specify a greater or lesser number ofcategorized emotional states. Furthermore, in other example embodiments,the step of categorizing the determined emotional state may be omittedentirely.

In one example implementation of step 404, determination module 210detects that the user is currently playing online music contentincluding a track entitled “Natural High” by Pacific, in response towhich determination module 210 may conclude that the user's emotionalstate is Happy. In another example implementation of step 404,determination module 210 detects that the user recently played an onlinemusic track entitled “For Whom the Bell Tolls” by Metallica, in responseto which determination module 210 may conclude that the user's emotionalstate is Frustrated.

Regardless of the remainder of method 400, the operations of detectingemotional state in step 404 may be ongoing, as shown by arrow 404 a.

At step 406, selection module 206 selects ad(s) 212 for delivery to thecurrent user. For example, step 406 may be performed in response to anyof the events that may trigger step 404 as explained above, though thescope of the example embodiments is not limited in this respect.

It will be recognized that ad(s) 212 may be selected using any of avariety of approaches. For instance, ad(s) 212 may be selected utilizinguser-agnostic approaches such as targeting ads based on the currenttime, based on requested online content, based on a predeterminedschedule or availability of ads from different advertising campaigns,based on world events, based on an ongoing sale or special deal, etc. orany combination thereof without limitation. In addition oralternatively, ad(s) 212 may be selected using user-based approaches fortargeting ads, one example of which employs a behavioral targetingtechnique. For instance, the behavioral targeting technique may useinformation collected regarding the current user's Web browsing behavioror other online activity, such as the pages the user has visited and/orthe searches the user has made, to select ad(s) 212 for delivery to theuser. Other examples of information that may be used by user-basedapproaches include geographical information that is associated with theuser (e.g., where the user lives, works, or is presently located),demographic information regarding the user, the nature of the onlinecontent that is requested by the user, history of purchase transactionsand/or searches that the user has made, etc. without limitation. Manysuitable techniques for targeting online ads will be apparent toartisans of ordinary skill having the benefit of this disclosure.

In one embodiment, steps 404 and 406 are independent of each other.Although shown after step 404, step 406 may be performed concurrentlywith step 406 or even prior to step 404. In another embodiment, adtargeting as described above with reference to step 406 is carried outin a manner that depends upon the emotional state of the user. Forinstance, selection module 206 may consider the current user's emotionalstate in a strategy for targeting ads to the current user.

In step 408, modification module 208 modifies at least one visualproperty of ad(s) 212, which were selected at step 406, based on thecurrent user's emotional state, which is specified by indicator 214.

In some example embodiments, modifications to the ad(s) 212 are directedat color. For instance, colors may have an impact on people's emotionsand feelings. In one example, the color red may be associated withexcitement, orange may be perceived as distressing and upsetting, purpleas dignified and stately, yellow as cheerful, and blue may be associatedwith comfort and security. See, e.g., L. Norton, What Color Is YourMood, Journal of Applied Psychology, 2006, which is incorporated hereinby reference in its entirety. In another example, a person may associatelight colors such as yellow and blue with positive emotions such ashappiness. In accordance with this example, the person may associatedark colors such as black and gray with negative emotions such assadness and anger. See, e.g., Boyatzis et al., Children's EmotionalAssociation with Colours, Journal of Genetic Psychology, v. 155(1), pp.77-85, 1994, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.In yet another example, a person with depression or anxiety mayassociate his or her mood with the color gray, while a happy person mayprefer yellow.

In still another example, red may be considered a “warm” color becausethe dominant wavelength may produce strain on the eye. In accordancewith this example, a significantly big red background creative in an admay disturb the user, which may cause the user to move out of a web pagewith which the ad is associated. Thus, to achieve longer periods of userengagement, ads may advantageously be modified to exhibit a color ofharmony. For instance, relatively cooler colors such as blue, green, andpurple may be considered to be restful and quiet, while relativelywarmer colors such as red, yellow, and orange may be considered activeand stimulating. The example color associations mentioned herein areprovided for illustrative purposes and are not intended to be limiting.It will be recognized that the example embodiments may employ anysuitable color associations.

In an example embodiment, modification module 208 modifies ad(s) 212 bychanging hue, brightness, contrast, saturation, and/or othercolor-related attributes. See, e.g., Carruthers et al., The ManchesterColor Wheel: Development of a Novel Way of Identifying Color Choice andits Validation in Healthy, Anxious and Depressed Individuals, BMCMedical Research Methodology 2010, 10:12, Feb. 9, 2010, which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety. For instance,modifying hue may be achieved by applying a color filter, byde-saturating an image and then substituting a different color, byperforming a color-replacement operation, or another suitable operation.

Hue, brightness, contrast, saturation, and/or other color relatedattributes of ad(s) 212 may be changed using a commercially available orcustom developed image editing program. Some examples of a commerciallyavailable image editing program include, but are not limited to, Adobe®Photoshop®, Adobe® Elements®, Picasa™ GIMP, Faststone™, and Piknik™. Incontrast with these commercially available programs, modification module208 may incorporate appropriate executable code to perform the desiredtypes of color modifications.

In accordance with some example embodiments, modification module 208performs predetermined types of modifications for the respectivecategories of emotional states as discussed above. For example, ifemotional indicator 214 specifies a Happy emotional state, modificationmodule 208 may apply or amplify a yellow or green hue in ad(s) 212 toprovide modified ad(s) 216. In accordance with this example,modification module 208 may additionally or alternatively increasecontrast and/or brightness of ad(s) 212. In another example, ifemotional indicator 214 specifies a Sad/Bored/Tired emotional state,modification module 208 may apply or amplify a red hue in ad(s) 212,de-saturate existing colors in ad(s) 212, and/or decrease contrastand/or brightness in ad(s) 212 to provide modified ad(s) 216.

In yet another example, if emotional indicator 214 specifies an Excitedemotional state, modification module 208 may apply or amplify a yellowor red hue in ad(s) 212 to provide modified ad(s) 216. In accordancewith this example, modification module 208 may additionally oralternatively increase contrast and/or brightness of ad(s) 212. In stillanother example, if emotional indicator 214 specifies a Frustratedemotional state, modification module 208 may apply or amplify a blue huein ad(s) 212 and/or decreases brightness and contrast in ad(s) 212. Itwill be recognized that other mappings may be used, with any of avariety of different combinations of hue, brightness, contrast,saturation, and/or any other visual quality or combination thereof thatis suitable for the purposes discussed herein. Furthermore, instead of(or in addition to) emphasizing a color-based feature of the ad(s) 212,modification module 208 may de-emphasize a color-based featureassociated with an emotional state that is counter to the emotionalstate specifies by emotion indicator 214.

In an example embodiment, at step 408, one or more non-color-basedfeatures of ad(s) may be selected or changed in addition to or in lieuof changing the one or more color-based features. For instance, abackground music track may be selected or changed for delivery inconjunction with the ad 212, based on the user's emotional state.

At step 410, modification module 208 transmits modified ad(s) 216 to theuser. For instance, modification module 208 may transmit the modifiedad(s) to user system 102 of the user directly or via a publisher 104.For example, modified ad(s) 216 may include any suitable type of ads,including but not limited to banner ad(s), pop-up ad(s), etc. to bedisplayed in combination with online content that is delivered to theuser.

In some example embodiments, one or more steps 402, 404, 406, 408,and/or 410 of flowchart 400 may not be performed. Moreover, steps inaddition to or in lieu of steps 402, 404, 406, 408, and/or 410 may beperformed.

As shown in FIG. 5, the method of flowchart 500 begins at step 502. Instep 502, ad storage 304 stores ads for delivery to user computers 102.These ads may be received from advertisers via computers such as 108,received via a management console (not shown), or received from anotherlocal or remote source. In an example, the ads may be stored in adstorage 304.

The received ads are ads of the same nature as described above in thecontext of step 402. Regardless of the remainder of flowchart 500, theoperations of receiving and storing ads as described with reference tostep 502 may be ongoing, as shown by arrow 502 a.

In accordance with some example embodiments, step 502 may includegenerating metadata corresponding to one or more of the ads that arestored in ad storage 304. For instance, the metadata may be generatedupon receipt of the ads or at a later time. The metadata is stored inmetadata storage 318.

To generate metadata, metadata module 321 analyzes one or more of theads to determine likely emotional effect(s) thereof on a user. Metadatamodule 321 generates one or more metadata records to indicate thedetermined emotional effect(s). For example, the metadata may includeone metadata record for each of the ads, or one metadata record maypertain to multiple ads. In another example, metadata for one or more ofthe ads is integrated into the relevant ads, in which case separatestorage (i.e., metadata storage 318) for storing the metadata may beomitted.

Metadata module 321 may perform its analysis of the ads that are storedin ad storage 304 by analyzing one or more predetermined visual featuresof the ads, such as brightness, contrast, hue, use of animation,presence or absence of designated words, use of designated fonts, numberof different colors, or any other feature that may be related toemotional effect of an ad. In some example embodiments, when ads arereceived at step 502, alone or more of the ads are accompanied bymetadata prepared in advance by an advertiser to specify the intendedemotional effect of the ads. In such embodiments, module 321 may beomitted.

As another optional feature of step 502, association module 322 mayassociate each of the ads that are stored in ad storage 304 withcorresponding metadata that is stored in metadata storage 318. Forexample, module 322 may create links, references, pointers, or otherassociations between the ads and their corresponding metadata. Suchassociations may be stored in any suitable storage, such as ad storage304 and/or metadata storage 318. In another example, a link from an adto the corresponding metadata, or vice versa, may be created when themetadata is created by metadata module 321. In accordance with thisexample, association module 322 may be omitted.

In still another example, where there are links or other data structuresthat explicitly associate the ads and the metadata, the function ofassociation module 322 is to retrieve the ads and to find the associatedmetadata on behalf of ad targeting module 306, as explained in greaterdetail below.

In the illustrated example, determination module 310 initiates step 504whenever circumstances arise for delivery of an ad to a given user.Numerous examples of these circumstances were described above inconjunction with step 404. Accordingly, when determination module 310initiates step 504, this is done with regard to the given user to whomthe ad is intended to be delivered. This user will be referred to as a“current” user.

At step 504, determination module 310 determines the emotional state ofthe current user based on the current user's online activity. Thisoperation may be conducted using any of the exemplary operationsdescribed above with reference to step 404. In the present example,determination module 310 may determine the emotional state of the userbased on online activity by applying emotion-mining techniques to theonline activity. Also, after applying the emotion-mining techniques,determination module 310 may place the determined emotional state intoone or more predetermined categories, which may be specified by emotionindicator 314. For purposes of illustration, assume that there are fourcategories, namely: Happy, Sad/Bored/Tired, Excited, and Frustrated.However, a greater or lesser number of categories may be used, as suitsthe details of the particular application. Furthermore, the step ofcategorizing the determined emotional state may be omitted entirely.

Regardless of the remainder of method 500, the operations of determiningthe emotional state at step 504 may be ongoing, as shown by arrow 504 a.

In accordance with an example embodiment, the choice of advertising forthe current user at a particular time is left until the user is engagedin receiving online content, so that the system 100 can specificallytarget ads to the requesting user. Such an occurrence may trigger step506. In one example, step 506 may be performed in response to any one ormore of the circumstances or events discussed above in conjunction withstep 406.

At step 506, ad targeting module 306 selects targeted ad(s) for deliveryto the current user. For instance, ad targeting module 306 may select agroup of multiple targeted ads 312 from the ads that are stored instorage 304 312 for possible delivery to the current user. The targetedad(s) also may be referred to as “candidate ad(s)” because the group maybe further refined by selection module 308 as explained below.

Targeted ads 312 may be selected in any of a variety of ways. In oneexample, an ad campaign may be in progress relating to products andservices from a specified vendor, such as Nike® shoes. Relatedly, adstorage 304 may contain a group of ten Nike® ads for this campaign. Atstep 506, ad targeting module 306 may determine that ads from the Nike®campaign are to be delivered to the current user. In accordance withthis example, ad targeting module 306 may include the Nike® ads in ads312 and metadata that is associated with the Nike® ads in metadata 320.

In an example embodiment, ad targeting module 306 may apply one or moreof the targeting techniques discussed above with reference to step 406,such as any of the user-agnostic or user-based targeting techniquesdiscussed above, or any combination thereof. For instance, ads 312 mayinclude a specified number (e.g., 5, 20, etc.) of ads and/or ads thatsatisfy a designated relevance threshold regarding the current user.

In one example, responsive to a request from ad targeting module 306 fora specific one or more ads, association module 322 retrieves therequested ads from ad storage 304 and the associated metadata that isstored in metadata storage 318. In one example, module 322 employs thepreviously described link, reference, pointer, or other associationbetween each ad and its metadata in order to associate the two, andthereafter relays the associated items from respective storages 304 and318 to ad targeting module 306.

In one embodiment, steps 504 and 506 are independent of each other.Although step 506 is shown to follow step 504 for illustrative purposes,it will be recognized that step 506 may be performed concurrently withstep 504 or even prior to step 504. In a different embodiment, adtargeting in step 506 is carried out in a manner that depends upon theemotional state of the user. Namely, ad targeting module 306 may takethe emotional state of the user into consideration when targeting ads tothe current user.

In step 508, module 308 selects one or more ads 316 from among thetargeted ads 312 based on the emotional state of the user, which isspecified by emotion indicator 314, for delivery to the current user. Inone example, ad(s) 316 are selected by comparing the emotional statefrom step 504 with metadata 320 that is associated with ads 312. Forinstance, selection module 308 may select the ad(s) 316, which mostclosely correspond to the user's emotional state. For instance, ifemotion indicator 314 specifies that the user's emotional state isHappy, and metadata 320 for a particular ad indicates that the adcorresponds to a Happy emotional state, then selection module 308 mayselect that ad. Ties between equally appropriate ads may be resolved byrandom selection, by consulting ad targeting module 306 for additionalad targeting input, by rotating or shuffling among ads 312, or anotherapproach suitable for the purposes of this disclosure.

In an example embodiment, instead of using metadata 320, selectionmodule 308 may analyze each of the ads 312 to determine the likelyemotional effect thereof and bins the ads 312 into the predeterminedcategories discussed above. Selection module may then select one or moreof the ads 312 that best match the user's emotional state, which isspecified by emotion indicator 314, to be provided as selected ad(s)316. In accordance with this embodiment, metadata 318, metadata module321, and association module 322 may be omitted.

At step 510, selection module 308 transmits the selected ad(s) 316 tothe user. For instance, selection module 308 may transmit the selectedad(s) 316 to user system 102 of the user directly or via a publisher104. For example, the selected ad(s) 316 may include any suitable typeof ads, including but not limited to banner ad(s), pop-up ad(s), etc. tobe displayed in combination with online content that is delivered to theuser.

In some example embodiments, one or more steps 502, 504, 506, 508,and/or 510 of flowchart 500 may not be performed. Moreover, steps inaddition to or in lieu of steps 502, 504, 506, 508, and/or 510 may beperformed.

It will be recognized that various steps of flowcharts 400 and 500 maybe combined. For example, one or more steps of flowchart 500 may beperformed to select a targeted ad from a given campaign or other group,and then step 408 of flowchart 400 may be performed in order to modifyvisual appearance of the selected ad. This example may be carried outusing system 300, but with the addition of modification module 208. Forinstance, modification module 208 may be implemented downstream of adtargeting module 306 in order to reduce workload of modification module208, though the scope of the example embodiments is not limited in thisrespect.

Furthermore, although the method of flowchart 400 is illustrated asbeing performed downstream from selection module 206 for ease ofdiscussion, the method of flowchart 400 may be performed by selectionmodule 206. Similarly, although the method of flowchart 500 isillustrated as being performed downstream from ad targeting module 306for ease of discussion, the method of flowchart 500 may be performed byad targeting module 306.

Moreover, instead of producing a group of targeted ads 312 as describedwith reference to FIG. 3, ad targeting module 306 may additionallyperform the functions of selection module 308, to produce the selectedad(s) 316. In the foregoing example, ad targeting module 306 may becommunicatively coupled to determination module 310, with selectionmodule 308 being omitted.

Similarly, instead of using the modification module 208 to producemodified ad(s) 216 as shown in FIG. 2, selection module 206 mayadditionally perform the functions of modification module 208, toproduce the modified ad(s) 216. In the foregoing example, selectionmodule 206 may be communicatively coupled to determination module 210,with modification module 208 being omitted.

III. Other Example Embodiments

Ad selector 110, selection module 206, modification module 208,determination module 210, ad targeting module 306, association module322, metadata module 321, selection module 308, and determination module310 may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or anycombination thereof.

For example, ad selector 110, selection module 206, modification module208, determination module 210, ad targeting module 306, associationmodule 322, metadata module 321, selection module 308, and/ordetermination module 310 may be implemented as computer program codeconfigured to be executed in one or more processors.

In another example, ad selector 110, selection module 206, modificationmodule 208, determination module 210, ad targeting module 306,association module 322, metadata module 321, selection module 308,and/or determination module 310 may be implemented as hardwarelogic/electrical circuitry.

IV. Example Computer Implementation

The embodiments described herein, including systems, methods/processes,and/or apparatuses, may be implemented using well knownservers/computers, such as computer 600 shown in FIG. 6. For instance,elements of example ad network 100, including any of the user systems102A-102M, any of the publisher servers 104A-104N, advertiser system108, and ad serving system 106 depicted in FIG. 1 and elements thereof,each of the steps of flowchart 400 depicted in FIG. 4, and each of thesteps of flowchart 500 depicted in FIG. 5 can each be implemented usingone or more computers 600.

Computer 600 can be any commercially available and well known computercapable of performing the functions described herein, such as computersavailable from International Business Machines, Apple, Sun, HP, Dell,Cray, etc. Computer 600 may be any type of computer, including a desktopcomputer, a server, etc.

As shown in FIG. 6, computer 600 includes one or more processors (e.g.,central processing units (CPUs)), such as processor 606. Processor 606may include ad selector 110 and/or search engine module 112 of FIG. 1;selection module 206, modification module 208, and/or determinationmodule 210 of FIG. 2; ad targeting module 306, association module 322,metadata module 321, selection module 308, and/or determination module310 of FIG. 3, or any portion or combination thereof, for example,though the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.Processor 606 is connected to a communication infrastructure 602, suchas a communication bus. In some embodiments, processor 606 cansimultaneously operate multiple computing threads.

Computer 600 also includes a primary or main memory 608, such as arandom access memory (RAM). Main memory has stored therein control logic624A (computer software), and data.

Computer 600 also includes one or more secondary storage devices 610.Secondary storage devices 610 include, for example, a hard disk drive612 and/or a removable storage device or drive 614, as well as othertypes of storage devices, such as memory cards and memory sticks. Forinstance, computer 600 may include an industry standard interface, suchas a universal serial bus (USB) interface for interfacing with devicessuch as a memory stick. Removable storage drive 614 represents a floppydisk drive, a magnetic tape drive, a compact disk drive, an opticalstorage device, tape backup, etc.

Removable storage drive 614 interacts with a removable storage unit 616.Removable storage unit 616 includes a computer useable or readablestorage medium 618 having stored therein computer software 624B (controllogic) and/or data. Removable storage unit 616 represents a floppy disk,magnetic tape, compact disc (CD), digital versatile disc (DVD), Blue-raydisc, optical storage disk, memory stick, memory card, or any othercomputer data storage device. Removable storage drive 614 reads fromand/or writes to removable storage unit 616 in a well known manner.

Computer 600 also includes input/output/display devices 604, such asmonitors, keyboards, pointing devices, etc.

Computer 600 further includes a communication or network interface 620.Communication interface 620 enables computer 600 to communicate withremote devices. For example, communication interface 620 allows computer600 to communicate over communication networks or mediums 622(representing a form of a computer useable or readable medium), such aslocal area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs), the Internet,etc. Network interface 620 may interface with remote sites or networksvia wired or wireless connections. Examples of communication interface622 include but are not limited to a modem, a network interface card(e.g., an Ethernet card), a communication port, a Personal ComputerMemory Card International Association (PCMCIA) card, etc.

Control logic 624C may be transmitted to and from computer 600 via thecommunication medium 622.

Any apparatus or manufacture comprising a computer useable or readablemedium having control logic (software) stored therein is referred toherein as a computer program product or program storage device. Thisincludes, but is not limited to, computer 600, main memory 608,secondary storage devices 610, and removable storage unit 616. Suchcomputer program products, having control logic stored therein that,when executed by one or more data processing devices, cause such dataprocessing devices to operate as described herein, represent embodimentsof the invention.

For example, each of the elements of example ad selector 110 and searchengine module 112, each depicted in FIG. 1; selection module 206,modification module 208, and determination module 210, each depicted inFIG. 2; ad targeting module 306, association module 322, metadata module321, selection module 308, and determination module 310, each depictedin FIG. 3; each of the steps of flowchart 400 depicted in FIG. 4; andeach of the steps of flowchart 500 depicted in FIG. 5 can be implementedas control logic that may be stored on a computer useable medium orcomputer readable medium, which can be executed by one or moreprocessors to operate as described herein.

V. Conclusion

While various embodiments have been described above, it should beunderstood that they have been presented by way of example only, and notlimitation. It will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevantart(s) that various changes in form and details may be made thereinwithout departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, thebreadth and scope of the present invention should not be limited by anyof the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined onlyin accordance with the following claims and their equivalents.

1. A method comprising: determining an emotional state of a user fromamong a plurality of specified emotional states, using at least oneprocessor, based on online activity of the user; and selecting at leastone advertisement to be provided to the user from among a plurality ofadvertisements based on the emotional state of the user.
 2. The methodof claim 1, wherein the plurality of advertisements corresponds to theplurality of respective specified emotional states; and whereinselecting the at least one advertisement comprises: selecting a firstadvertisement of the plurality of advertisements that corresponds to theemotional state of the user.
 3. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising: determining the plurality of advertisements according to anad targeting operation based on information regarding the user; whereinselecting the at least one advertisement comprises: selecting the atleast one advertisement in response to determining the plurality ofadvertisements.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein each advertisement ofthe plurality of advertisements is associated with metadata thatindicates one or more of the specified emotional states; and whereinselecting the at least one advertisement comprises: determining that themetadata that is associated with the at least one advertisementindicates an emotional state that is substantially same as the emotionalstate of the user.
 5. The method of claim 4, further comprising:generating the metadata that is associated with each advertisement ofthe plurality of advertisements to indicate the respective one or moreof the specified emotional states; and associating each advertisement ofthe plurality of advertisements with the respective metadata.
 6. Themethod of claim 1, wherein determining the emotional state of the usercomprises: determining the emotional state of the user based on onlinecontent that is consumed by the user.
 7. The method of claim 1, whereindetermining the emotional state of the user comprises: determining theemotional state of the user based on at least one of blog text, anonline video, or online music that is consumed by the user.
 8. A methodcomprising: selecting at least one advertisement that satisfies aplurality of designated criteria; determining an emotional state of theuser from among a plurality of specified emotional states, using atleast one processor, based on online activity of the user; and modifyingone or more visual properties of the at least one advertisement based onthe emotional state of the user to provide at least one respectivemodified advertisement that is to be provided to the user.
 9. The methodof claim 8, wherein modifying the one or more visual propertiescomprises: replacing a color that is included in the at least oneadvertisement with a different color based on the emotional state of theuser.
 10. The method of claim 8, wherein modifying the one or morevisual properties comprises: modifying at least one of hue, brightness,contrast, or saturation of the at least one advertisement based on theemotional state of the user.
 11. The method of claim 8, whereinmodifying the one or more visual properties comprises: applying a colorfilter to the at least one advertisement.
 12. The method of claim 8,wherein determining the emotional state of the user comprises:determining the emotional state of the user based on online content thatis consumed by the user.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein determiningthe emotional state of the user comprises: determining the emotionalstate of the user based on at least one of blog text, an online video,or online music that is consumed by the user.
 14. A system comprising: adetermination module configured to determine an emotional state of auser from among a plurality of specified emotional states based ononline activity of the user; and a selection module configured to selectat least one advertisement to be provided to the user from among aplurality of advertisements based on the emotional state of the user.15. The system of claim 14, wherein the plurality of advertisementscorresponds to the plurality of respective specified emotional states;and wherein the selection module is configured to select a firstadvertisement of the plurality of advertisements that corresponds to theemotional state of the user.
 16. The system of claim 14, furthercomprising: an ad targeting module configured to determine the pluralityof advertisements according to an ad targeting operation based oninformation regarding the user; wherein the selection module isconfigured to select the at least one advertisement in response todetermination of the plurality of advertisements.
 17. The system ofclaim 14, wherein each advertisement of the plurality of advertisementsis associated with metadata that indicates one or more of the specifiedemotional states; and wherein the selection module is configured todetermine that the metadata that is associated with the at least oneadvertisement indicates an emotional state that is substantially same asthe emotional state of the user.
 18. The system of claim 17, furthercomprising: a metadata module configured to generate the metadata thatis associated with each advertisement of the plurality of advertisementsto indicate the respective one or more of the specified emotionalstates; and an association module configured to associate eachadvertisement of the plurality of advertisements with the respectivemetadata.
 19. The system of claim 14, wherein the determination moduleis configured to determine the emotional state of the user based ononline content that is consumed by the user.
 20. The system of claim 14,wherein the determination module is configured to determine theemotional state of the user based on at least one of blog text, anonline video, or online music that is consumed by the user.